4 The emergence of the Westphalian era concretized the practice of viewing conflicts through the lens of sovereign versus non-sovereign actors, rather than religion, and it was upon this distinction that modern classification of conflict rules are based. 3 This serves as a useful reminder that classification of conflicts is not a novel exercise invented by bored International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) lawyers, but rather a logical framing of conflict popularized by legal theorists and historians as early as the thirteenth century. In his introduction to the book, Dr Mačák looks at the historical practice of “classifying” conflicts and their rules according to religious principles. 1 Recognizing that the internationalization of conflict may have a wide range of humanitarian, political and legal consequences, Dr Mačák focuses on how internationalization impacts the application of international humanitarian law (IHL), and more specifically, on the questions that internationalization raises with respect to (1) conflict classification, (2) combatant status and (3) belligerent occupation. Although this issue has been simmering for many decades, it has become increasingly relevant in an era which is “defined by the twin forces of globalization and fragmentation, virtually no armed conflict remains confined to the territory of one state, free from foreign involvement”. Dr Kubo Mačák's Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law is a timely and engaging publication that tackles the internationalization of armed conflicts, the phenomenon whereby a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) takes on the characteristics of an international armed conflict (IAC) due to certain acts of third States.
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